The Individualization of Elizabeth Bennet in Pride and...

The Individualization of Elizabeth Bennet in Pride and Prejudice Midway through Pride and Prejudice, Elizabeth Bennet arrives at a moment of self-awakening which, notably, results from the influence of someone else: Fitzwilliam Darcy. For critic Susan Fraiman, this complication amounts to no less than, as she titles her article, The Humiliation of Elizabeth Bennet. From this moment forward, according to Fraiman, Elizabeth Bennet ceases to think for herself. She submits to Darcy as to a second father, relinquishes her trust in her own judgments, and thereby suffers a loss of clout.1 This pivotal moment comes because, after Elizabeth has rejected his proposal, Darcy justifies himself in a lengthy letter. It is†¦show more content†¦By accepting the fact that she has misjudged Darcy, Wickham, Jane, and Bingley, Elizabeth sharpens her ability to discern character. In turn, she develops a solidly based self-confidence. Before Elizabeths independent judgments can be formed, she must work her way painstakingly out of her existing prejudice. It is true that Darcy essentially forces his letter into Elizabeths consciousness. He has no other choice. The day after Elizabeth has rejected him, he waits along the path where she takes her morning walks, waylays her when she tries to avoid him, and even then must thrust his letter at her. Elizabeths impetus to free herself from her initial prejudice against Darcy is, thus, involuntary. Because Elizabeth naturally seeks truth, she instinctively (129) takes the letter from the hands of this man who has so offended her that she cannot believe any apology to be in his power (134). Unable to shut out all reason completely, Elizabeth begins to move beyond her hatred. With the strongest curiosity, (129) she focuses on the unalterable truth of Darcys letter. Attention to Darcys viewpoint is essential for the reader as well as for Elizabeth. Throu ghout the text, the reader has viewed Darcys character mainly through the filter of Elizabeths prejudice. Even Darcys proposal, which should have indicated the beginning of Darcys redemption, is distorted into Elizabeths version: Austen doesShow MoreRelatedPride and Prejudice: Influences on Society1873 Words   |  8 Pagesof a person other than material objects. In Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, the archetypes of sisters, ritual and the woods/river, the character analysis of Mr. Darcy and the moral lesson that your initial judgments aren’t always right are some of the multifarious that reveal the underlined meaning of the novel. The bond of the Bennet sisters represents the archetype of trust and stability throughout the events in the story. Elizabeth could no longer wait to tell Jane what had happened between

The Pathology of Multiple Sclerosis Free Essays

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease which affects the nervous system, namely the brain and spinal cord. It causes damage the myelin sheath, the material that surrounds and protects nerve cells (Marieb, 2012). This damage slows down the process in which the brain relays messages to the rest of the body, leading to a variety of symptoms. We will write a custom essay sample on The Pathology of Multiple Sclerosis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some of the most common include pain and numbness; fatigue; walking, balance, and coordination problems; bladder and bowel dysfunction; vision problems; cognitive dysfunction; emotional changes and depression (National Multiple Sclerosis Society, n. . ). Though the exact cause of MS is unknown, it’s widely thought to be an autoimmune disease. Autoimmune diseases arise from an overactive immune response of the body against substances and tissues normally present in the body (Marieb, 2012). In other words, the body actually attacks its own cells. The immune system mistakes some part of the body as a pathogen and attacks it. The disease affects women more than men, often beginning sometime between the ages of 20 to 40. Recently, a study found that the incidence of MS appears to be higher in African American women than in caucasians, contradicting previous findings (Langer-Gould, Brara, Beaber, Zhang, 2013). The disease is usually mild; however, some people lose the ability to write, speak and/or walk. No cause or cure for MS has been found. It remains a mysterious disease with no known pathogen or even known determinants of its severity and course. Three recently published studies say that salt may play a role in MS and other autoimmune diseases, although no study has found a direct link between high salt intake and increased incidence of MS. On a more peculiar note, researchers in England have been investigating how the month of birth (May and November) affects the chances of having MS later in life. It’s thought that it could have something to do with climate, sunlight, and intake of vitamin D (Disanto et al. , 2013). Many of the medicines available for use by MS patients only slow the progress of the disease. The most common treatments involve interferons. Interferons are a group of natural proteins (beta, alpha, gamma) that are produced by human cells in response to viral infection and other stimuli (NMSS, n. d. ). The FDA has approved three treatments in the form of beta interferon called Avonex, Betaseron, and Rebif. Beta interferon has been shown to reduce the number of exacerbations and may slow the progression of physical disability (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, 2012). When attacks do occur, they tend to be shorter and less severe. A synthetic form of myelin basic protein, copolymer I, has also been approved and it has few side effects. For more severe or chronic cases, an immunosuppressant treatment (mitoxantrone) has been approved. While steroids do not affect the course of MS over time, they can reduce the duration and severity of attacks in some patients. Spasticity, which can occur either as a sustained stiffness caused by increased muscle tone or as spasms that come and go, is usually treated with muscle relaxants and tranquilizers (NINDS, 2012). Patients can also help control symptoms through adequate physical activity and occupational therapy. Exercise, especially stretching exercises, helps relieve stiffness and promote flexibility and mobility. With advances in the understanding of the brain come advances towards developing a cure for Multiple sclerosis. Improved ability to create images of the living brain and spinal cord, new understanding of the brain’s capacity for repair, and an overall accelerated pace of new discoveries about the cellular machinery of the brain have lead to new therapeutic strategies. These strategies include gene therapy, stem cell transplantation, and neuroprotection strategies (Joy Johnston, 2001). Very recently, a biotechnology company developed a new MS drug based on peginterferon beta-1a. Studies of peginterferon beta-1a show that, when injected under the skin either every two or four weeks, reduced the relapse rate significantly more than placebo in a study of 1500 people with relapsing MS (Biogen Idec, 2013). Myelin and the cells that make myelin, called oligodendrocytes, are the main focus of many MS studies. Scientists and medical research organizations (such as The Myelin Project) are trying to find ways to stimulate myelin regeneration in patients by uncovering the mechanisms involved in myelin regeneration. Once discovered, they could eventually be translated to promising new therapeutic approaches to restore function in people with MS. How to cite The Pathology of Multiple Sclerosis, Papers

Greek Mythology (2897 words) Essay Example For Students

Greek Mythology (2897 words) Essay Greek MythologyNo matter what you think the ancient Greeks were not on drugs. The people of ancient Greece had an extremely intelligent society. They had sophisticated architecture and a very high level of mathematics in their culture. These areas of life dealt with real things that could be controlled. When it came to natural phenomena the Greeks had certain explanations that might look eccentric now, but were reasonable 3000 years ago. In Greeces history there are several themes that contributed to Greek mythology and reasons it developed. Once Greek mythology was established in the culture an interesting set of gods and beliefs evolved and continued to evolve for hundreds of years. Two of these gods that you are most likely to be familiar with are Zeus and Apollo. If you understand how and why Greek mythology came about, the idea of Greek mythology wont seem so weird. The location of Greece itself lends itself to many different cultures. It is centrally located between Europe, Asia and Africa. With all three having extremely distinct and varied cultures. Travelers would share their ideas and thoughts with the locals as they went through Greece. Some ideas were adopted into the Greek culture or they were modified to their specific needs. Greece became a melting pot or crossroad for many different cultures. These factors must be taken into consideration when you are trying to understand Greek culture. Another way Greece was influenced by other cultures was by force. Between the years 2000-1400 B.C. Greece was ruled by several different cultures. These outside forces influenced their culture and religion. One thing that remained a constant was their language. The Greeks maintained to keep their native language and this established great internal uniformity. This became a factor in later years helping them rise to such a sophisticated civilization. The origins of Greek mythology as we know it today are impossible to trace because there was no structured church or written codes, but the main influence is thought to come from the Aegean civilization. The Aegeans lived on the island of Crete and are thought to be one of the first modern civilizations about 3000 B.C. Aegeans believed that all natural objects had spirits. Over time these beliefs developed into a set of legends involving natural objects, animals, and gods with human form. Some of these legends survived as part of classic Greek mythology. The Greek mythographer, Euhemerus, who lived around 300 B.C. had a contributing theory. He thought myths were distortions of history and the gods were actually heroes that were glorified over time. A Greek philosopher named Prodicus of Ceos who taught during the 400s B.C. taught his students that the gods were personifications of natural phenomena. Yet another theory of Greek mythology origins came from a Greek historian named Herodo tus. He lived in the 400s B.C. and he believed that Greek rituals were inherited from the Egyptians. Probably all of these theories have some truth in them so they arent wrong, but no one reason can explain or trace Greek mythology. No matter where they originated these myths became a part of Greek culture. Spreading these myths became the job of poets and writers of ancient Greece. Two prominent poets that became instrumental in Greek culture were Homer and Hesiod. One thousand years before Christ Homers Iliad became the first written record of ancient Greece. The Iliad marks the beginning of Greek mythology and is the oldest Greek literature. Later Greek mythology was defined by Hesiod. Sometimes his gods had slightly different powers and stories than Homers account of deities. Gods sometimes overlap and share responsibilities. The gods themselves also took on different personalities in Hesiod poems. Early deity stories often portrayed the gods in a not so flattering way. They were often saw as deceitful or mean. Later in Hesiod poems gods took on different morals. They were more of a model of right and wrong with the emphasis on the right way to live. Greater Greek morals and ethics contributed to the gods ch anging morals. The main purpose of these myths early on was to explain natural phenomena. Some myths were just for entertainment, but for the most part mythology was the earliest form of science. For instance the story of Demeter the goddess of agriculture and her beautiful daughter Persephone. While playing with her friends one day Persephone was captured by Hades and taken to the underworld as his wife. In her grief Demeter senselessly destroys all the earths crops and brings about a great drought and famine. Hades brother, Zeus, arranges a compromise where Persophone is allowed to return to her mother for two-thirds of each year. She cannot return permanently because she had eaten the food in the underworld. Demeter was then to greet the annual reunion with a replenishing of the earth and to mark Persophones annual descent to Hades the destruction of agriculture. Thus the arrival of Persophone is an explanation of spring and summer with her departure being fall and winter. In thi s myth Persephone is represents the young, innocent life and Hades is death. She becomes a symbol of lost virginity and the impossibility of ever being a child again. Less complicated myths explained everything in nature from fire to earthquakes. Of course everyone knew in ancient Greece that thunder and lightning came from an angry Zeus. To explain volcanoes they believed that a terrible creature was imprisoned in the mountain and was struggling to get out. The Big Dipper doesnt set below the horizon because it angered a goddess once and she declared that it shall never sink into the sea. With the increase of morality in later Greek society these myths took on a different tone. It was not until late in ancient Greece did mythology begin to have a religious tone. Culture Through Generations EssayIn Greece his powers were greater than all deities put together, although he was not omnipotent or omniscient. It was common for him to be opposed or deceived. Zeus was commonly considered the god of sky, rain, justice, mercy, oaths, he was the cloud-gatherer, protector of the weak and punisher of the wicked. The reason Zeus became the head god with the most importance is because he is the rain god. In mountainous Greece rain was more precious, including the sun, for crops. If rain is the most desired thing in your life the person who controls is top man on your list. He was a heavy handed enforcer who was said to ?weigh the fates of heros on golden scales?. Since there was no written codes it is not known who decided what should be punished and what should be rewarded. Despite all his divineness Zeus had somewhat of a stained reputation. He was seen as a bully and wife beater in certain stories. In the beginning with the writings of Homer, Zeus is pictured in two very different ways. He is represented as the god of justice and mercy, the protector of the weak and the punisher of the wicked. At the same time, Zeus is described as falling in love with one women after another and resorting to all kinds of tricks to hide his infidelity from his wife. Stories of his escapades were numerous in ancient mythology, and many of his offspring were a result of his love affairs with both goddesses and mortal women. It is believed that with the development of a sense of ethics in Greek life, the idea of a lecherous, sometimes ridiculous father god became distasteful. So later legends tended to present Zeus in a more exalted light. His many affairs with mortals are sometimes explained as the wish of the early Greeks to trace their lineage to the father of the gods. Also the actions of this majestic god is explained by the combining of many gods. When his worship was spread to a town that already had a divine ruler the two were slowly fused into one. Zeus would then take on the stories of the earlier god. Zeus had numerous offspring with both gods and mortals as mentioned earlier. His legitimate children with Hera included Ares, god of war; Hebe, goddess of youth; Hephaestus, god of fire; and Eileithyia, goddess of childbirth. Affairs with deities produced other notables such as Aphrodite, goddess of beauty and sexual desire; Apollo, god of prophecy, medicine and archery; Artemis, goddess of the hunt; Hermes, messenger of the gods; and Athena, goddess of the arts and crafts and war. He also fathered Hercules with the mortal Alcmene. One of Zeuss offspring, Apollo, became one of the most popular gods in Greece. Apollo is said to be the most Greek of all gods, he is also one of the most complex. Like his father he also has his roots in Indo-Vedic traditions. The Vedic god, Rudra, share similar stories and powers. They even share the same animals the rat or mouse and mole. Apollo was the mouse god, but it is unclear wheth er he protected them or destroyed. In Greek mythology Apollo was the son of Zeus and Leto, who was also a daughter of a Titan. He was born on the little island of Delos, but his oracle was at Delphi where he killed a python guarding a shrine on the slopes of Mount Parnassus. Apollo was the special protector of young men and his twin sister, Artemis, was the special guardian of young women. In Homeric legend he was primarily a god of prophecy, but over time he took on many more roles. His spheres of power included healing, lustration, legislation, incarnation, archery and poetry. In later Greek mythology he was also the sun god. Apollo was also the god of light and truth. It is said that he has never seen darkness and has never lied. A gifted musician who delighted the gods with his performance on the lyre Apollo was popular among the gods and mortals. Apollo was also a master archer and a fleet-footed athlete, who was credited with having been the first victor in the Olympian Games. His shrine was the most popular of all the gods and thousand of people would make pilgrimages to it every year. No other deity was represented more in poetry and art because he was thought of being such a beautiful figure. Some tales depict Apollo as stern or cruel. According to Homers Iliad, Apollo answered the prayers of the priest Chryses to obtain the release of his daughter from the Greek general Agamemon by shooting fiery, pestilential arrows into the Greek army. He also abducted and ravished the young Athenian princess Creusa and then abandoned her and their child. People are fascinated be Greek mythology even in todays scientific society. There are television shows that Greek mythology plays an important part in the episodes. There is even a mini series that is to air in the near future called the Odyssey. In theory Greek mythology should have been long forgotten history, but human curiosity keeps it alive. Greek mythology has created such good characters that people relate to their situations and actions. The television shows are extremely popular for this reason. People also like to put themselves in the world of giants, cyclops and gods. What makes Greek mythology so fascinating is the gods, not the morals. Maybe modern religions should learn from the Greeks and make their religions more interesting. They might gain more following. Mythology