History Of Intruder Knowledge Versus Attack Sophistication Information Technology Essay

History Of Intruder Knowledge Versus Attack Sophistication Information Technology Essay Intrusion detection is a necessary security infrastructure for any organization. Its a process of noticing or monitoring the events like imminent threats or unexpected new attacks, standard security practices, acceptable policies and existing attacks that occur in a network or computer. Detecting process is mainly based on signs of incidents. The process which attempts to block these detected incidents is known as intrusion prevention. Both the Intrusion Detection System (IDS) and Intrusion Prevention System (IPS) are principally focused on log information, identifying incidents, blocking incidents, reporting incidents to administrator. The regular problems when handling IDS is analysis of system generated events, because in a busy network there will be so many events to analyse with help of some monitoring tools and devices but its very hard manage due to unwanted outcomes, undetected threats and unmanageable threats. These threats can cause a serious damage to the network or organi zation. Research Question and Objectives: Every organisation recurrently face problem because of threats. As an Information Systems Security student I would like to do some research in Intrusion detection system. My main aim is to do an experiment on the Network Intrusion Detection System (NIDS) with help of Snort to detect network based attacks. Presently how the security infrastructure of the organizations is facing problems with imminent threats and malicious attacks? How it can be reduced by intrusion detection system? In what way the tools and techniques can be used to experiment the network based attacks? The research objectives are planning and implementing IDS, Monitoring for critical security threats and detecting them network wide, detecting malicious users on the network, proactive administration, regular network maintenance, 24/7 security event management, Signature and protocol tuning, alerting and preventing the detected threats. Hopefully all these objectives can be achieved by implement a network security with Snort. Snort is a flexible, small, light-weight and cross platform tool which is very suitable for NIDS. While working on this research network may also need some other computer running with tools like Suricata and Bro which are also familiar for NIDS and Experiment will also examine the integration of OSSEC with the analyst console Sguil. Literature Review: The Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are vital modules of defensive methods to protect a network or computer system from abuse. Network intrusion detection system examines all inbound and outbound network activities and notices the attack in network or computer. IDS are a passive monitoring system it alerts when distrustful activity takes place. It inspects the network traffic and data. It identifies the probes, exploits, attacks and vulnerabilities. It responds to the malicious events in several ways like displaying alerts, events log or paging an administrator. It can reconfigure the network and reduce the effect of the malicious activities like worms and virus. It precisely looks at intrusion signatures or hacker signatures so that it can distinguish worms or viruses from general system activities. Intrusion detections are categorized as misuse detection, anomaly detection, passive and reactive system, network based system and host based system. This picture shows history of Intruder Knowledge versus Attack sophistication Source: http://www.cert.org/archive/pdf/IEEE_IDS.pdf Misuse detection: In misuse detection IDS investigates the gathered information and compares it to huge databases of attack signature. Primarily IDS look for particular attack which was already documented. It is very similar to anti-virus because the detection software has good collection of intrusion signature database and it compares packets against the database. Anomaly detection: In anomaly the administrator provides the baseline, network traffic load state, typical packet size, breakdown and protocol. Anomaly detector compares the inspected network segment to normal baseline and examines the anomalies. Passive and Reactive systems: In passive systems IDS perceive a potential security breach, signal alerts and information of logs. Coming to reactive system IDS reacts to the distrustful and malicious activities either by shutting down the user or by reprogramming the firewall to stop or block network traffic from a malicious source. Network based IDS: IDS are network or host based solutions. Network based intrusion detection systems (NIDS) is an independent platform which categorizes network traffic and examines multiple hosts. They are hardware appliances hence they consists of network intrusion detection capabilities. It does consist of hardware sensors which are located along the network or demilitarized zone. NIDS gains access over network traffic by connecting to network hubs and switches and they are configured got network tap or port mapping. The sensor software will examine all the data packets which are going in and out of the network. NIDS are comparatively cheaper solutions that HIDS. It also need less training and administration but it is not as flexible as HIDS. NIDS system must have a good bandwidth Internet access and regular updates of latest worms and virus signatures. Best example is Snort Host based IDS: Host based intrusion detection systems (HIDS) are not suitable for real time detection. It has to be configured properly to use in real time. It has software agents which are installed on individual host computers within the system. It analyse the packets going in and out from that specific computer where the intrusion detection software is installed. It also examines the application logs, system calls and file system changes. HIDS can provide some addition features which not there in NIDS. For instance HIDS are capable to inspect activities which are only able to implement by administrator. It detects the modifications in the key system files and can also examine the attempts to overwrite key files. Trojans and backdoors installation can be detected and stopped; these particular intrusions are not generally seen in NIDS. HIDS systems must have internet access and also frequent updates of worms and virus signatures. Certain application based IDS are also a portion of HIDS. Best examp le is OSSEC. IDS Protection Source: http://www.cert.org/archive/pdf/IEEE_IDS.pdf Intrusion detection system (IDS) vs. Intrusion prevention system (IPS): Most of them believe like IDS IPS works similar and IPS is future way of IDS. But it is like comparing an apple and banana. These two solutions are very different from each other. IDS is passive it monitors and detects but IPS is active prevention system. The IDS drawbacks can be overcome by implementation, management and proper training. IDS is a cheaper implementation that IPS. However, by looking at IPS benefits most of them believe that IPS is following generation of IDS. The main point to remember is that no single security device can prevent all attacks at all the time. IDS and IPS works satisfactory when they are integrated with some addition and current security solutions. The combination of firewall and IDS gives protection to system so IPS is usually considered as next generation IDS. Presently IPS also has both types of HIPS and NIPS as like IDS. IPS can some more actions like dropping the malicious data packets, sending an alarm, reorganizing the connection and/or stoppi ng the traffic from the malicious IP address, correcting CRC errors and few more like cleaning up unwanted network and transport layer options. Snort: Snort is free and open source software which is used for network intrusion detection (NIDS) and network intrusion prevention system (NIPS). Martin Roesch was the creator of snort in 1998 but now it is maintained by a network security software and hardware company known as Sourcefire. Roesch is the founder and Chief technical officer of Sourcefire. The latest version is 2.9.0.5 and it was released on 6th April 2011. It is written in C language and cross-platform so that can run on any operating system. It is also a licensed by GNU general public license. Over a decade Snort has been recognized as the best prominent software in the security Industry. Snort is a great piece of software used for NIDS. It has ability to perform real time traffic analysis, protocol analysis, content matching, Internet Protocol networks packet log and content search. It can even examine probes or attacks, buffer overflows, OS fingerprinting, common gateway interface, stealth port scans and server message block probes. Snort mainly configured in three modes network intrusion detection, sniffer and packet logger. In NIDS mode it can examine network traffic and inspect it against ruleset provided by the user. As a sniffer it read all network data packets and displays them on the user console. As a packet logger it writes all log packets to the harddisk. Some 3rd party tools like Snorby, RazorBack and Base interface with snort for administration, log analysis and reporting. Snort provides dramatic power, speed and performance. It is light weight and protects against latest dynamic threats by rules based detection engine. Its source code and ruleset are regularly revised and tested by worldwide security professionals. It is most popular for IDS and IPS solutions with more than 205,000 registered users. There are minimum 25 companies that are incorporate with Snort for network security assistance. Snort vs. Suricata vs. Bro Source:http://blog.securitymonks.com/2010/08/26/three-little-idsips-engines-build-their-open-source-solutions/ Suricata and Bro: Suricata is also an open sources which is used for IDS and/or IPS. Open Information Security Foundation (OISF) has developed it. First standard release was in July 2010. It was written in C language and can run in Linux, Mac and Windows operating systems. It was licensed by GNU general public license. Suricata is a new tool when compared with other Opensource IDS and very best in all as shown in the above figure. As its new software there are no much research papers and journals. Bro is open source and UNIX based, it is used for NIDS. It was written by Vern Paxson and licensed by BSD. It runs on any Linux based operating system. These two tools are very good very there is no much research and literature on them. But these two are quite good when compared to Snort. OSSEC and SGUIL: OSSEC is an open source HIDS. It does log analysis, rootkit detection, windows registry monitoring, active response and integrity checking. It offers IDS for all Linux, Mac and Windows Operating systems because it has centralized cross platform. It was written by Daniel B in 2004. SGUIL is a pool of free software modules for Network Security Monitoring and IDS alerts. It was written in Tcl/Tk and run on any OS which supports Tcl/Tk. It integrates with Snort and generates alert data and session data from SANCP. Full content can be retrieved my running Snort in packet logger mode. Sguil is an application of Network Security Monitoring (NSM) Critical evaluation: The gathered information from different sources gives a brief idea of research. Literature covers all the aims and objectives of the research which was drawn and supported from the pool of journals, research papers, white papers, blogs and wikis. Introduction gives the over idea of the research going to takes place. Research question focuses on the field of interest and research area. Objectives mentions the clear tasks what are going to be achieved and its designed as a step by step procedure like starting with planning and implementation of IDS and later the steps that have to be achieved in the research area and ends with the some necessary applications like Snort, OSSEC and SGUIL which are very important to achieve the most out of Intrusion detection. Literature review covers almost each and every necessary step that is required in the research area. It is also very relevant to the research area and completely confined to it without any deviations. Intrusion detection and different types of IDS are clearly explained. Host based intrusion detection systems and Network based intrusion detection systems are clearly explained with help of graphical images. The differences between IDS and IPS are mentioned and it also explains why IPS is more powerful. Lastly main application like Snort, Suricata, Bro, OSSEC and SGUIL are completely covered with features. But the interesting finding during literature search is Suricata and Bro. Both are very good for IDS and they are having more advanced features than the Snort. However there is very less research done it that area. So there is a need of qualitative data by taking interviews of some security professionals and lectures. At last, in brief literature covers all the parameters of research question, objectives, methods and outcomes of different IDS and applications which are suitable for IDS are well organized and documented. Research Methods and Methodology: I would like do the research according to Inductive process because I am sure about the topic and I want to know the outcomes of the experiment. As inductive research moves from specific point to general I selected it and start working. In this research I am planning to implement an experiment in small network with some applications. I am using these methodology and methods for the sake of researching, investigating and evaluating the research area. I have got some set of research problems and classifications. According to explanatory research action I have set some aims to achieve. As a next step collected a pool of information required, organized the required out of it, analysed information and evaluated the literature, planning the experiment in all possible ways to detect more threats even in a busy traffic network. Now it is an important time to start my experiment before that I have to do some qualitative research by conducting interviews about Suricata and Bro because I need some assistance on suricata and bro to take a advantage of it. I am not interested on survey because as they are new applications people might know less about it and I thing its waste of doing. Case study and field study are also better to do because they can have depth look at issue or problem. But problem with field study is they may consume more time and they are very expensive. Quantitation method will be used analysing some numerical values, graphs and proportions. Experiment design can be categorized by certain criteria Controlled experiment, Cross-sectional designs, Quasi experimental designs and Pre experimental designs Methodologies discussed in the literature review are from user view so I might vulnerable to attack and have plan well for the implementation of experiment. These vulnerabilities can be fixed face to face interviews with security professionals and can also do by narrowing hypothesis. After the experiment the observations and analysis must be tested with hypothesis of proposed theory. Finally I will use both quantitative and qualitative methods for data collection process. I have planned to continue my experiment with the same Inductive research approach. Objectives Methods Planning and implementation of IDS Literature review, research papers and interviews Detection process Literature review, case study and research papers Network maintenance, proactive administration and security Management Literature review, white papers, blogs, case studies Signature and Protocol tuning Interviews, updates from, on-going researchs and literature reviews Implementing of security management tools Interviews, case studies and some more qualitative approaches Budget: Issues of access and ethics: Potential outcomes: Expected Impact: The experiment impact would be more informative and extremely useful in the field of intrusion detection. Research will clearly show the intrusions events and blocks them even at the busy network traffic time. It may also show some new advantages because of the suricata and bro. In my opinion this research is going to detect and block all the intrusions up to date. Depending upon the qualitative approach some more methods of suricata and bros can be implement to network to get the best out of it. Conclusion: The research at first started with a study of intrusion detection and then after I have drawn some boundaries with that following objectives. During literature collection I found some other interesting tools like Suricata and Bro which are predominately better that Snort. Though they are good but I couldnt find much literature and research area with them. So finally I decided to do an experiment on IDS with a small network consisting of Snort IDS and secondarily I am planning to keep one computer with Suricate IDS and other with Bros IDS and see the difference of these three tools from another angle. If I am successful dissertation can end up like Snort vs Suricata vs Bro or else minimum I can be successful with Snort. Using the research methodology of data collection and critical evaluation the literature work is investigated and evaluated. Lastly the outcomes of the theory are assumed from the research. I have already spoken to Neil regarding my dissertation idea and selected him as my supervisor. Finally I thank Neil Richardson and Louise Webb for providing ne this opportunity.

The Chrysanthemums by John Steinbeck

The plight of women had often been a popular topic of literature. Throughout history, the men dominated, overshadowing women in the process. The male sex had always been recognized as superior while the female sex was perceived as inferior; thus, they are not given the same opportunities. The social distinction between males and females had been documented in numerous pieces of literature. Literature often illustrated the injustice and equality women were subjected to while living in a patriarchal society.One of the pieces of literature that show the difficulty of being a woman in a man’s world is the short story entitled â€Å"The Chrysanthemums† by John Steinbeck. In this literary piece, Steinbeck shows the struggle of a woman to find herself as she attempts to assume a relevant role in society. This is the reason why one critic said this about the story: â€Å"[It is a] delicate, indirect handling of a woman’s emotion, [especially] the difficulty of a woman i n finding a creative, significant role in a male-dominated society. †Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Chrysanthemums† by John Steinbeck features Elisa Allen, a 35-year-old married woman living in a ranch with her husband Henry (Steinbeck). Initially, the story appears simple enough; it tells the story of a woman who is passionate about flowers and takes pride in caring for them. However, a closer look would reveal that the woman in question is in the midst of an identity crisis. She is a female who longs to be relevant in a society where only the men are considered relevant. She hopes to become relevant through her skills in planting chrysanthemums, but in the end her efforts were futile.Elisa’s attempts to be of significance are shown early in the story. Elisa is aware that it is the men who are significant in society. She also knows that the only way she could be significant was to assume a male persona, or at least try to fit herself in masculine mould. In the story, she attempts to be significant through her skill in planting chrysanthemums. This is the reason why the first description of Elisa is masculine; her appearance hints her desire to somehow fit in a male-dominated realm. In the beginning of the story, she is wearing a â€Å"figured print dress,† but that feminine garment is overshadowed by masculine elements.These elements include â€Å"a man’s black hat,† â€Å"a big corduroy apron with four big pockets† and â€Å"heavy leather gloves† (Steinbeck). Her manner of dressing illustrates her efforts to be masculine, to have a place in a man’s world. Elisa’s masculine manner of dressing is supported by her masculine actions. When she was attending to the chrysanthemums, she was exerting great effort. She was described as â€Å"over-eager, over-powerful† (Steinbeck). It was said that the plant stems were â€Å"too small and easy for her energy† (Steinbeck).In a way, her movements reflected the need to prove herself; she wanted to prove that she is just as capable as men are. When she was eagerly gardening, she looked at the direction where her husband and his clients were. The fact that she looked in their direction meant that she wanted them to see her and what she could do. Through the eagerness in her work with the chrysanthemums, Elisa sought to have the men realize that she could be significant just like them. The response of Elisa’s husband to her plants mirrors the response of society to women and their efforts.After his meeting with his clients, Henry comes up to Elisa and comments about her new batch of chrysanthemums. Upon Henry’s words, she â€Å"straightened her back† and there was â€Å"smugness† in her reply (Steinbeck). The gesture of straightening her back seems to be an assertion that she was responsible for the success of her plants. The tone of her reply affirms that she is proud of her achievement in planting. For Elisa, he r accomplishment with her chrysanthemums is her means to make a significant contribution in society. However, Henry soon undermines her efforts.He said: â€Å"I wish you’d work out in the orchard and raise some apples that big† (Steinbeck). For Henry, flowers are irrelevant. He believes raising apples would be better and more important. His comment seems to imply that Elisa’s efforts are not good enough to society. Instead of being discouraged at Henry’s response, she answers him with the conviction that she can raise apples. Elisa says, â€Å"Maybe I could do it, too† (Steinbeck). In this instance, Elisa asserts equality between men and women. Henry suggested that she should raise apples rather than chrysanthemums, and she took it as a challenge.She believes that she can do it as well. When the repairman tells Elisa that his life is not fit for a woman, Elisa asked: â€Å"How do you know? How can you tell? † (Steinbeck). For Elisa, women ar e just as capable as men. As if to prove that men and women can be equals, she tells the repairman: â€Å"I can sharpen scissors, too. And I can beat the dents out of little pots. I could show you what a woman might do† (Steinbeck). Later on in the story, the identity of Elisa shifts. The story begins with an Elisa who is rather masculine and who asserts herself to be capable of activities usually attributed to men.She seeks to contribute to society with her ability to grow chrysanthemums. By the latter part of the story, the readers can see a different Elisa; she no longer resembles the Elisa earlier in the story. This time, Elisa embraces her feminine side. She dressed up with her best underwear and stockings, as well as a dress that was a â€Å"symbol of her prettiness† (Steinbeck). She styled her hair and she put on makeup. Elisa then assumes a completely female role, a new identity different to masculine identity she portrayed in the beginning.In this instance, th e reader sees the two different identities of Elisa. The dichotomy between the two identities illustrate Elisa’s search for her self in a society where being a woman is extremely difficult. The search for the self is posed with the dilemma of either staying true to one’s feminine nature or to take a more masculine stance to be recognized in society. In the end, Elisa is faced with the reality of male dominance in society. When she and her husband were driving to dinner, she sees the chrysanthemums she gave to the repairman discarded on the road.It was through her skill and talent in growing the chrysanthemums that Elisa wished to make her significant contribution to society. In fact, the flowers themselves symbolized a woman’s effort to make herself relevant in a society eclipsed by men. However, the disregard for the chrysanthemums shows that a woman’s effort to assert her importance in society is futile. Because of her frustration over the neglect of he r flowers, Eliza â€Å"cried weakly—like an old woman† (Steinbeck). In the end, she gave in to her emotions, just like what is expected of women in general.Her battle to make herself relevant in a man’s world ended in defeat. â€Å"The Chrysanthemums† by John Steinbeck reveals how women are affected by the patriarchal society in which they live, and how their struggle to make themselves relevant in society leads to the search to their own identity. Steinbeck indirectly reveals the plight of women during his time through the story’s protagonist Elisa Allen. Elisa struggles to find herself as she is caught between showing her feminine self and assuming a more masculine stance to establish her worth in society.Throughout the story, she repeatedly asserts the fact that she can also do what men can do. However, she seeks to be more relevant to society through her skill in gardening, especially in growing chrysanthemums. In the end, her efforts were wort hless. Just like the plants she gave to the repairman, her efforts did not amount to anything. In the end, she failed to make herself relevant, and proved how difficult it is for a woman to be significant in a male-dominated society. Work Cited Steinbeck, John. The Chrysanthemums. 1938. 20 Oct. 2008 < http://www. nbu. bg/webs/amb/american/4/steinbeck/chrysanthemums. htm>.

The Exploitation Of Land Is Justified Essay - 1432 Words

The economy today runs on an antiquated ritual of exploiting, plundering, devastation, and manipulation of land for material wealth, profiting the wealthy and condemning the poor. This mindset is no more sophisticated than feudalism, a system so bad it had to be outlawed along with witchcraft. The idea that exploitation of land is justified has brought plastics to the ocean and leveled rainforests. Large corporations have grown larger by manufacturing and production, depleting the planet’s resources in the process. Now, companies must make a combined effort to put the environment first, before profit. Because of their harmful practices, consumers have the right to know where products come from, how they’re made, and the impact on the environment. Furthermore, it is the responsibility of the large corporations to change their harmful practices, to make strides towards ending climate change and use clean, sustainable methods. With the combination of polymers that don’t biodegrade and mass overproduction, companies are harming the environment in severe ways. Plastic, a material seen everywhere, is a polymer made from oil. It is mass produced to make everything from shampoo bottles to automobiles and does not biodegrade. When it is eventually thrown out, the waste usually finds it way into the ocean, where it is either buried under sediment or eaten by marine life (Weisman 287-295). Creating a material that will ultimately kill marine life will undoubtedly wreak havoc on theShow MoreRelatedEssay about Private Property1013 Words   |  5 Pagescontrasting views. Locke heavily stresses the blending of labor and common land to create private property to increase one’s wealth. Liberty and livelihood under Locke’s theory is tied to the ability of an individual to control the use of their private property. Marx’s theory strongly contends that the bourgeoisie has gained control of the profit making private properties leaving the working class in a stage of exploitation. Marx’s conclusion then is to set private property in the hands of the peopleRead MoreKarl Marx And The Productive Power1182 Words   |  5 Pagesthe productive power by human. This productive power was also the rise and fall of an economic structure according to how progression is supported and downcast. Marx suggest that through communism it is possible to eliminate the constraint that exploitation has on the society’s laborers. The mode of production involves the methods humans use to produce the resources to sustain the provision for survival and to improve society as a whole. The two components to the mode of production are the meansRead MoreNationalism And Imperialism841 Words   |  4 Pagesimportant yet distinct ideologies that have shaped the geopolitical world. Both have led to the annexation of lands and the formation of national borders. Nationalism and Imperialism can be viewed as two ends of a spectrum of patriotism, with nationalism on the weak end and imperialism on the strong end. In terms of global significance, imperialism, as a force of domination, subjugation, and exploitation, is more important than nationalism. Nationalism can be understood as pride in one’s country. It is aRead MoreRacism - A History : The Color Of Money1063 Words   |  5 PagesAfricans. It underscores how economics served as the driving force behind slavery. The documentary highlights that although slavery existed for several centuries prior to the slave trade, the concept of racism is rooted in the enslavement and exploitation of Africans for labor and capital gain. The documentary describes how the British’s development of the transatlantic slave trade for colonial America served as the catalyst for racism, not the reverse. As Professor James Walvin, Professor of HistoryRead MorePrimitive Accumulation And Its Effect On Society1559 Words   |  7 Pagesvast array of examples. Unlike the situations in the past violence is not required for most of these forms of capitalist exploitations. Many analogies can be derived between the past systems of slavery and modern day bonded labor. Accumulation by disposse ssion is another form of contemporary accumulation. The implementation of many neoliberalistic policies progenerate exploitation of proliteriat through the medium of accumulation by dispossession. Climate change is one among the most serious issuesRead MoreRelationship Between Race and Capitalism Essay1358 Words   |  6 Pagesthat there will ultimately be a clash between the oppressed and those that do the oppressing. I believe that there will be a clash between those who want freedom, justice, and equality for everyone and those who want to continue the systems of exploitation... It is incorrect to classify the revolt of the Negro as simply a racial conflict of black against white, or as a purely American problem. Rather, we are today seeing a global rebellion of the oppressed against the oppressor, the exploited againstRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials Are An Outstanding Example Of A Dysfunction1233 Words   |  5 Pagesthe timeline of other marginalized groups. Tituba was an American Indian slave, and a clear example of injustice, not only Europeans took Amerindians’ freedom, but they also suffered from the consequences of colonization, the dispossession of their lands, territories and resources, oppression and discrimination, and even the lack of control of their own lifestyles. Europeans mistreated Amerindians by feeling superior just for their skin color and customs. The violation of rights is one of the mostRead MoreRelationship Between Europeans And American Indians1229 Words   |  5 Pagesattracted to the Americas in hopes of gaining land and spreading Christianity. Initially, the settlers established a friendly relationship with the natives, relying on them to learn skills like farming, hunting, and fishing, while the Indians traded with the Europeans for advanced technologies like guns and metal tools. However, the cultures of both groups clashed creating conflicts. The Native Americans believed that no one owned land, as opposed to land being a reflection of wealth as it was in EuropeanRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1284 Words   |  6 Pagescapitalistic motives. By using his daughter Ruth to fabricate accusations, Putnam condemns civilians and then profits by taking their land. Salem stands by his efforts due to the misrepresentation of the accused and falsely believe that the condemning is ethical. False righteous means for economic and imperialistic expansion have been executed for centuries. Propaganda, exploitation and manipulation are recurring methods of self-gain through conquest. One such instance is the CIA and International MonetaryRead MoreThe Theory Of Indigenous Sovereignty937 Words   |  4 Pagessovereignty, land rights and native titles. She further states that Foucault argues that the system of rights and the judicial fields are enduring channels for relations of domination and the many forms of the techniques of domination. According to Aileen these could entail among others: †¢ Examination of anthropological models of Indigenous land tenure and their representation in legislation and court decisions; and †¢ Analysis of government policy concerning Indigenous sovereignty, land rights and

Christopher Columbus And His Power Point Presentation

â€Å"And so,† Professor Brad Brock pushed a button on his wireless remote, advancing his Power Point presentation and causing a famous portrait of Christopher Columbus to appear on the huge screen behind him. He continued, â€Å"we see that errors in decision making can often be the result of simple mistakes. For example, Columbus’ math error in converting the Muslim scholars’ Hashemite mile into the much shorter European mile. This mistake, as well as his greatly overestimating the size of Europe caused him to believe that Asia could be found in a few short weeks after sailing west.† For the academics gathered in the famed, and very large Lady Mitchell lecture hall at Cambridge University, this was well known. For the rest, roughly half of the four hundred in the audience, the information was new and they turned to each other with eyebrows raised. Brock raised a near empty bottle of Highland Spring Still Spring Water to his lips. After speaking for nearly ninety minutes his throat was dry and he felt himself growing hoarse. â€Å"What, I wonder, would the world look like today had he not made this mistake, or if he had not been so stubborn in his beliefs. Recall that most of Europe at the time considered his ideas to be quite mad.† Brock pushed the button on his remote again and the last image popped onto the screen, this time a fifth century monarch sitting on a wooden throne addressing a young boy. â€Å"But sometimes these mistakes seem to be well thought out, but - once again -Show MoreRelatedSpain and Portugal conquered the Americas,1600 Words   |  7 Pages.Which is when Columbus first started his voyage to explore the West, which ended up in an argument over the land. Spain and Portugal worked as a team to conquer the Americas. In today’s world Portugal and Spain work together when it comes to drug trafficking and forest fires. They also seem to be good allies to one another, they share the same currency and both have high unemployment percentage. In 1484, Christopher Columbus attempted to interest King John II of Portugal in his voyage to exploreRead More The Navigation of Christopher Columbus and the Age of Discovery4963 Words   |  20 Pages Before beginning the research for this work, I had planned on producing a paper and presentation which detailed the history of open sea navigation and the difficulties and dangers which would have faced sailors and seamen during the Age of Discovery. My premise was that we, living in the twentifirst century, had lost touch with the reality of just how hazardous a voyage such as that undertaken by Columbus was. I had hoped to be able to capture for the listener and reader a sense of wonder atRead MoreHow Race And Power Can Take Shape Into Different Forms3222 Words   |  13 PagesThe six texts that I have chosen for this anthology link to colonisation and show how race and power can take shape in different forms. When thinking of race and power in relation to colonialism, the obv ious form it takes is the white European power of the colonisers over the non-white natives of the lands that are being colonised. ‘Christopher Columbus’s Journal Entries’ are a non-fictional account of his voyage to India in 1492. In the introduction he claims that the purpose of the voyage is to promoteRead More Caliban in Shakespeares The Tempest Essay1855 Words   |  8 PagesThe Tempest, considered by many to be Shakespeare’s farewell to the theatre, has of all his plays the most remarkable interpretive richness. The exceptional flexibility of Shakespeare’s stage is given particular prominence in The Tempest due to its originality and analytic potential, in particular in the presentation of one of his most renowned and disputed characters, Caliban. Superficially portrayed in the play as a most detestable monster, Caliban does not evoke much sympathy. However, on furtherRead MoreFrankenstein Study Guide14107 Words   |  57 Pagesrelate by theme or topic to the main reading. Each work in the Library has a two-part Study Guide that contains a variety of resources for both y ou and your students. Use the Guide to plan your instruction of the work and enrich your classroom presentations. In For the Teacher you will find these time-saving instructor aids: †¢ About the Work: pertinent background information on the work and a detailed synopsis of its plot. †¢ Media Links: annotated listings of audio, visual, electronic, and print resourcesRead MoreBrazil Culture17445 Words   |  70 PagesHope in 1487, they were led by the navigator, Vasco da Gama, across the Indian Ocean to discover the sea route to the Far East in 1497. They knew of the existence of lands across the Atlantic and they had made several expeditions to the West before Columbus discovered the Antilles in 1492, but they had kept the knowledge to themselves in order to forestall the ambitions of Spain, England, and France. For a small nation, secrecy was the only available method of safeguarding the rewards of bold and successfulRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Page sUnported License. That is, you are free to share, copy, distribute, store, and transmit all or any part of the work under the following conditions: (1) Attribution You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author, namely by citing his name, the book title, and the relevant page numbers (but not in any way that suggests that the book Logical Reasoning or its author endorse you or your use of the work). (2) Noncommercial You may not use this work for commercial purposes (for exampleRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesUniversity Jeffrey A. Hoffer School of Business Administration, The University of Dayton E. Wainright Martin Kelley School of Business, Indiana University William C. Perkins Kelley School of Business, Indiana University Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan EditorRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesappear to be a very coherent unit. The beginnings and ends of what we choose to call centuries are almost invariably years of little significance. But there is little agreement over when the twentieth century c.e. arrived, and there were several points both before the year 2000 (the collapse of the Soviet Union, the reunification of Germany, the surge of globalization from the mid-1990s) and afterward (9/11, or the global recession of 2008) when one could quite plausibly argue that a new eraRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 Pagesas to training programs in preparation to pass the exam to become a Certified Project Management Professional ( P M P ~ administered by ) the Project Management Institute. Situations are smaller case studies and usually focus on one or two specific points that need to be addressed, whereas case studies focus on a multitude of problems. The table of contents identifies several broad categories for the cases and situations, but keep in mind that the larger case studies, such as Convin Corporation and